Risk-Based management of contaminated groundwater: The role of geologic heterogeneity, exposure and cancer risk in determining the performance of aquifer remediation

The effectiveness of aquifer remediation is typically expressed in terms of a reduction in contaminant concentrations relative to a regulated maximum contaminant level (MCL), and is usually confined by sparse monitoring data arrd/or simple model calculations. Here, the effectiveness of remediation is examined from a risk-based perspective that goes beyond the traditional MCL concept. A methodology is employed to evrduatc the health risk to individuals exposed to contaminated household water that is produced from groundwater. This approach explicitly accounts for differences in risk arising from variability in individu~ physiology and water use, the uncertainty in estimating chemical carcinogenesis for different individuals, and the uncertainties and variability in contaminant concentrations within gromrdwater. A hypothetical contamination scenario is developed as a case study in a saturated, rdluvird aquifer underlying a real Superfund site. A baseline (unremedlated) human exposure and health risk scenario, as induced by contaminated groundwater pumped from this site, is prdcted and compared with a similar estimate based upon pump-and-treat exposure intervention. The predicted reduction in risk in the remedlation scenario is not an equitable one – that is, it is not uniform to all individuals within a population and varies according to the level of uncertainty in prediction. The importance of understanding the detailed hydrogeologic connections that are established in the heterogeneous geologic regime between the contaminated source, municipal receptors, and remediation wells, and its relationship to this uncertainty is demonstrated. Using two alternative pumping rates, we develop cost-benefit curves based upon reduced exposure and risk to different individuals witbin the population, under the presence of uncertainty.